Glossary
This glossary provides definitions for all of the indicators used in the StatsAPEC databases. Wherever possible, the definitions have been taken directly from the original data provider and links to their websites have been provided. If further clarification is required, please approach the relevant data provider directly.
Population (5 Indicators)
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates. Data shown are in thousands. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is the annual percentage change of the APEC aggregate for Total Population (for comparability, the denominator does not include an economy’s previous year data if its current year is missing).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Population between the ages 0 to 14 as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population. Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total population between the ages 15 to 64 as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population. Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.1564.TO.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population. Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) / Gross National Income (GNI) (14 Indicators)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 26 February 2025.
This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across economies and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. GDP is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other economy accounts series in the database for historical years. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between economies, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available. Data for Chinese Taipei in 2025 is an estimate.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. For Chinese Taipei, International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database: April 2025 Edition, available at https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases#sort=%40imfdate%20descending, accessed 25 June 2025.
This indicator provides value for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in constant international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across economies and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. GDP is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2021. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between economies, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 1 April 2025.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in per capita. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in per capita. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 1 April 2025.
This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across economies and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. GDP is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other economy accounts series in the database for historical years. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between economies, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. Data shown are in per capita. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. For Chinese Taipei, International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database: April 2025 Edition, available at https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases#sort=%40imfdate%20descending, accessed 25 June 2025.
This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in constant international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across economies and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. GDP is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2021. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between economies, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. Data shown are in per capita. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 1 April 2025.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in USD. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is the annual percentage change of the APEC aggregate for GDP, Constant 2015 USD (in millions) (for comparability, an economy’s data is excluded if it has missing data, whether in the numerator or in the denominator).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in USD. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is the annual percentage change of the APEC aggregate for GDP per capita, Constant 2015 USD (for comparability, an economy’s data is excluded if it has missing data, whether in the numerator or in the denominator).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 1 April 2025.
Gross national income (GNI) is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. This figure is converted to USD using the World Bank Atlas method. GNI, calculated in domestic currency, is usually converted to USD at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the economy, and through 2000, the G-5 economies (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these economies include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are not converted using the Atlas method and are, therefore, not strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.ATLS.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
This indicator provides values for gross national income (GNI) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPP). PPPs account for the different price levels across economies and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. GNI is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other economy account series in the database for historical years. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between economies, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 1 April 2025.
Gross national income (GNI) is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. This figure is converted to USD using the World Bank Atlas method, and divided by the midyear population. GNI, calculated in domestic currency, is usually converted to USD at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the economy, and through 2000, the G-5 economies (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these economies include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in per capita. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are not converted using the Atlas method and are, therefore, not strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
This indicator provides values for gross national income (GNI) per person expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across economies and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. GNI is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other economy accounts series in the database for historical years. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between economies, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. Data shown are in per capita. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 1 April 2025.
Inflation (3 Indicators)
The consumer price index (CPI) is an index of the prices of consumption goods and services, as compared to a certain reference period. This refers to the arithmetic mean (average) value of a data series calculated over a specified period, such as a month, quarter, or year. It provides a representative value for the entire period, smoothing out any short-term fluctuations. A statistical measure that expresses the relative change in a variable over time. Data shown are in period averages in percentages. Data for Chinese Taipei is a Laspeyres index (2021=100).
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Producer price indexes (PPI) measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. Data shown are in period averages in percentages. Data for Chinese Taipei is a Laspeyres index (2021=100).
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The GDP implicit deflator is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency. The base year varies by economy. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Labor (10 Indicators)
Labor force participation rate is the ratio of the labor force to the working-age population, expressed as a percentage. The labor force is the sum of the number of persons employed and the number of persons unemployed. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on total population ages 15 and older data from the source.
Source: International Labour Organization, available at https://rplumber.ilo.org/files/website/bulk/indicator.html, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Labor force participation rate is the ratio of the labor force to the working-age population, expressed as a percentage. The labor force is the sum of the number of persons employed and the number of persons unemployed. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on female population ages 15 and older data from the source.
Source: International Labour Organization, available at https://rplumber.ilo.org/files/website/bulk/indicator.html, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Labor force participation rate is the ratio of the labor force to the working-age population, expressed as a percentage. The labor force is the sum of the number of persons employed and the number of persons unemployed. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on male population ages 15 and older data from the source.
Source: International Labour Organization, available at https://rplumber.ilo.org/files/website/bulk/indicator.html, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate for the total unemployment rate is a weighted average based on total labor force data from the source.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Data shown are in percentages. No APEC aggregate is calculated for sex-disaggregated unemployment rates.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Data shown are in percentages. No APEC aggregate is calculated for sex-disaggregated unemployment rates.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.MA.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Labor productivity per person employed, or gross domestic product (GDP) per person employed, is output per unit of labor input. Output is measured as "value added", which is total production minus the value of intermediate inputs, such as raw materials, semi-finished products, services purchased and energy inputs. Value added, or GDP in the economy accounts, represents the compensation for input of services from capital, including depreciation, and labor directly engaged in the production. Labor input is defined as persons employed. Data shown are in constant 2024 international dollars, converted using purchasing power parities (PPPs). Data for 2025 are based on forecasts. Some figures for earlier years also rely on estimates by the source. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total number of persons employed. China (Official) and United States (Official) data are used.
Source: The Conference Board Total Economy Database™, May 2025, available at http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/, accessed 25 June 2025.
Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents—people younger than 15 or older than 64—to the working-age population—those ages 15-64. Data shown are as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on the working-age population (number of people ages 15-64). Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents—people older than 64—to the working-age population—those ages 15-64. Data shown are as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on the working-age population (number of people ages 15-64). Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND.OL, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Age dependency ratio, young, is the ratio of younger dependents—people younger than 15—to the working-age population—those ages 15-64. Data shown are as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on the working-age population (number of people ages 15-64). Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND.YG, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Economic Structure (6 Indicators)
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. Note: For VAB economies, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. For VAB economies, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.TOTL.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Services industries correspond to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 45-99 and includes wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage and communication, financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities, public administration and defence, compulsory social security, education, health and social work, other community, social and personal service activities, private households with employed persons, and extra-territorial organizations and bodies.. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS, accessed 25 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://nstatdb.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbasall/webMain.aspx?k=engmain, accessed 25 June 2025.
Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4). Data shown are the percentage share of total employment. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total employment data from the source. Note that total share of employment from agriculture, industry and services may not add up to 100 percent because some economies have a significant share of employment which are categorized as not adequately defined.
Source: International Labour Organization, available at https://rplumber.ilo.org/files/website/bulk/indicator.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Data shown are the percentage share of total employment. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total employment data from the source. Note that total share of employment from agriculture, industry and services may not add up to 100 percent because some economies have a significant share of employment which are categorized as not adequately defined.
Source: International Labour Organization, available at https://rplumber.ilo.org/files/website/bulk/indicator.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Data shown are the percentage share of total employment. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total employment data from the source. Note that total share of employment from agriculture, industry and services may not add up to 100 percent because some economies have a significant share of employment which are categorized as not adequately defined.
Source: International Labour Organization, available at https://rplumber.ilo.org/files/website/bulk/indicator.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Trade (13 Indicators)
Imports of merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of inward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Unless otherwise indicated, imports are valued at transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing economy or territory (cost insurance and freight valuation). Imports of commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Imports of merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of inward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Unless otherwise indicated, imports are valued at transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing economy or territory (cost insurance and freight valuation). This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Imports of commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Imports of merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of inward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Unless otherwise indicated, imports are valued at transaction value plus the costs of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing economy or territory (cost insurance and freight valuation). Imports of commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on GDP, Current USD (for comparability, an economy’s GDP data is excluded from the denominator if its data for imports of merchandise goods and commercial services is missing).
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Exports of merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of outward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Unless otherwise indicated, exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting economy or territory (free on board valuation). Exports of commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Exports of merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of outward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Unless otherwise indicated, exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting economy or territory (free on board valuation). This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Exports of commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Exports of merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of outward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Unless otherwise indicated, exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting economy or territory (free on board valuation). Exports of commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on GDP, Current USD (for comparability, an economy’s GDP data is excluded from the denominator if its data for exports of merchandise goods and commercial services is missing).
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Total merchandise goods trade is defined according to the general trade system. It covers all types of inward and outward movement of goods through an economy or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD (for comparability, an economy’s GDP data is excluded from the denominator if its data for merchandise goods trade is missing).
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Total commercial services is in conformity with the Balance of Payments Manual. Until 2004, in the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5), the services account contains 11 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government services not identified elsewhere. From 2005 onwards, in the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6), the services account contains 12 standard components. In this database, commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services not identified elsewhere. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD (for comparability, an economy’s GDP data is excluded from the denominator if its data for commercial services trade is missing).
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://stats.wto.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.
The current account balance is the balance of current transactions (transactions in goods and services, earned income and transfer income) between residents and non-residents. The term current account balance is used in the external accounts and is expressed from the perspective of resident units. The term current external balance is used in the economy accounts and is expressed from the perspective of the non-resident units, and therefore with the opposite sign. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/, accessed 26 June 2025 and Chinese Taipei’s Central Bank https://cpx.cbc.gov.tw/Tree/TreeSelect, accessed 25 June 2025.
The current account balance is the balance of current transactions (transactions in goods and services, earned income and transfer income) between residents and non-residents. The term current account balance is used in the external accounts and is expressed from the perspective of resident units. The term current external balance is used in the economy accounts and is expressed from the perspective of the non-resident units, and therefore with the opposite sign. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD [for comparability, the denominator includes only data from economies with data for Current Account Balance (in current USD millions)].
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/, accessed 26 June 2025 and Chinese Taipei’s Central Bank https://cpx.cbc.gov.tw/Tree/TreeSelect, accessed 25 June 2025.
Net barter terms of trade index is calculated as the percentage ratio of the export unit value indexes to the import unit value indexes, measured relative to the base year 2015.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TT.PRI.MRCH.XD.WD, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 25 April 2025.
Trade Barriers (9 Indicators)
Most favoured nation (MFN) tariff is the normal, non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas). Only duties and imports recorded under HS Chapters 01-97 are taken into account. Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS 6-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the economy for the reference year. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS 6-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are first averaged to HS 6-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. This indicator is expressed as simple average MFN applied tariff rates for all products. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a simple average using the latest data available for each economy.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/tariff_profiles_e.htm, accessed 26 June 2025.
Most favoured nation (MFN) tariff is the normal, non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas). Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS 6-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the economy for the reference year. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS 6-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are first averaged to HS 6-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. This indicator is expressed as simple average MFN applied tariff rates for agricultural products. The classification of products into agricultural and non-agricultural is based on Annex 1 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, which lists all products covered in the Agreement. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a simple average using the latest data available for each economy.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/tariff_profiles_e.htm, accessed 26 June 2025.
Most favoured nation (MFN) tariff is the normal, non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas). Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS 6-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the economy for the reference year. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS 6-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are first averaged to HS 6-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. This indicator is expressed as simple average MFN applied tariff rates for non-agricultural products. The classification of products into agricultural and non-agricultural is based on Annex 1 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, which lists all products covered in the Agreement. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a simple average using the latest data available for each economy.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/tariff_profiles_e.htm, accessed 26 June 2025.
Most favoured nation (MFN) tariff is the normal, non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas). Only duties and imports recorded under HS Chapters 01-97 are taken into account. Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS 6-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the economy for the reference year. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. This indicator is expressed as duty-free MFN applied tariffs as a share of HS 6-digit subheadings for all products. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a simple average using the latest data available for each economy.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/tariff_profiles_e.htm, accessed 26 June 2025.
Most favoured nation (MFN) tariff is the normal, non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas). Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS 6-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the economy for the reference year. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. This indicator is expressed as duty-free MFN applied tariffs as a share of HS 6-digit subheadings for agricultural products. The classification of products into agricultural and non-agricultural is based on Annex 1 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, which lists all products covered in the Agreement. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a simple average using the latest data available for each economy.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/tariff_profiles_e.htm, accessed 26 June 2025.
Most favoured nation (MFN) tariff is the normal, non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas). Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS 6-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the economy for the reference year. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. This indicator is expressed as duty-free MFN applied tariffs as a share of HS 6-digit subheadings for non-agricultural products. The classification of products into agricultural and non-agricultural is based on Annex 1 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, which lists all products covered in the Agreement. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a simple average using the latest data available for each economy.
Source: World Trade Organization, available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/tariff_profiles_e.htm, accessed 26 June 2025.
The Economic Freedom of the World Index measures the degree to which the policies and institutions of economies are supportive of economic freedom. A number of variables are used to construct a summary index and to measure the degree of economic freedom in five broad areas, one of which is the freedom to trade internationally. The mean tariff rate measure is a variable used to construct the freedom to trade internationally component of the Economic Freedom of the World Index. It is based on the unweighted mean of tariff rates. The formula used to calculate the rating, which can range from 0 to 10, is: (Vmax − Vi) / (Vmax − Vmin) multiplied by 10, where Vi represents an economy’s mean tariff rate. The values for Vmin and Vmax were set at 0% and 50%, respectively. This formula will allocate a rating of 10 to economies that do not impose tariffs. The rating will decline toward zero as the mean tariff rate approaches 50%. Data shown are ratings. APEC aggregate is a simple average of ratings available for each APEC economy.
Source: James Gwartney, Robert Lawson, Joshua Hall, and Ryan Murphy (2024). Economic Freedom of the World: 2024 Annual Report. Fraser Institute. Data are from the 2024 Dataset, available at https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset, accessed 26 June 2025.
The Economic Freedom of the World Index measures the degree to which the policies and institutions of economies are supportive of economic freedom. A number of variables are used to construct a summary index and to measure the degree of economic freedom in five broad areas, one of which is the freedom to trade internationally. The non-tariff trade barriers measure is a variable used to construct the freedom to trade internationally component of the Economic Freedom of the World Index. It is based on the Global Competitiveness Report survey question: “In your [economy], tariff and non-tariff barriers significantly reduce the ability of imported goods to compete in the domestic market. 1-7 (best)”. The question’s wording has varied slightly over the years. Note, notwithstanding the sub-component’s title, this indicator captures both tariff and non-tariff barriers. Data shown are ratings. APEC aggregate is a simple average of ratings available for each APEC economy.
Source: James Gwartney, Robert Lawson, Joshua Hall, and Ryan Murphy (2024). Economic Freedom of the World: 2024 Annual Report. Fraser Institute. Data are from the 2024 Dataset, available at https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset, accessed 26 June 2025.
The Doing Business annual reports provide a quantitative measure of business regulations and the protection of property rights across 10 indicators as they apply to domestic small and medium-size enterprises. Trading across borders, which is one of the 10 indicators, measures the documents, time, and cost required to import and export a standardized cargo of goods by ocean transport. Data shown are distance to frontier and obtained online. For a particular year, it refers to data from the following year. For instance, the data for year 2016 are from the DB2017. For several economies, data from 2014 onwards pertains to the combined scores of the largest and second largest cities. APEC aggregate is a simple average of ratings available for each APEC economy.
Source: World Bank and International Finance Corporation. The Doing Business project has been discontinued. Data reported are archived data.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (8 Indicators)
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI inflows comprise capital provided by a foreign direct investor to a foreign affiliate, or capital received by a foreign direct investor from a foreign affiliate. FDI flows are presented on a net basis (i.e., as credits less debits). Thus, in cases of reverse investment or disinvestment, FDI may be negative. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI outflows represent the same flows as FDI inflows but from the perspective of the other economy. FDI flows are presented on a net basis (i.e., as credits less debits). Thus, in cases of reverse investment or disinvestment, FDI may be negative. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI inflows comprise capital provided by a foreign direct investor to a foreign affiliate, or capital received by a foreign direct investor from a foreign affiliate. FDI flows are presented on a net basis (i.e., as credits less debits). Thus, in cases of reverse investment or disinvestment, FDI may be negative. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) includes acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets during the accounting period, including certain specified expenditures on services that add to the value of non-produced assets. This indicator is expressed as a share of GFCF. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GFCF (current USD). The APEC aggregate for FDI flows as a share of GFCF does not include data for Chinese Taipei due to partial data unavailability.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI outflows represent the same flows as FDI inflows but from the perspective of the other economy. FDI flows are presented on a net basis (i.e., as credits less debits). Thus, in cases of reverse investment or disinvestment, FDI may be negative. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) includes acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets during the accounting period, including certain specified expenditures on services that add to the value of non-produced assets. This indicator is expressed as a share of GFCF. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GFCF (current USD). The APEC aggregate for FDI flows as a share of GFCF does not include data for Chinese Taipei due to partial data unavailability.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI stock is the value of capital and reserves attributable to a non-resident parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of foreign affiliates to parent enterprises. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI stock is the value of capital and reserves attributable to a non-resident parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of foreign affiliates to parent enterprises. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI stock is the value of capital and reserves attributable to a non-resident parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of foreign affiliates to parent enterprises. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP (current USD).
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as an investment reflecting a lasting interest and control by a foreign direct investor, resident in one economy, in an enterprise resident in another economy (foreign affiliate). FDI stock is the value of capital and reserves attributable to a non-resident parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of foreign affiliates to parent enterprises. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP (current USD).
Source: United Nations Trade and Development, available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/, accessed 26 June 2025.
Movement of People (9 Indicators)
International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to an economy other than that in which they usually reside, and outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the economy visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across economies. In some cases, data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases, data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some economies number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some economies include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across economies. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people travelling. Thus, a person who makes several trips to an economy during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival. Data shown are in thousands. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Transportation and Communications, available at https://stat.motc.gov.tw/mocdb/stmain.jsp?sys=100&funid=emenu, accessed 25 June 2025.
International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination economy. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some economies they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Their share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of an economy and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to non-residents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Exports of Goods and Services.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.RCPT.XP.ZS, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other economies, including payments to foreign carriers for international transport. These expenditures may include those by residents travelling abroad as same-day visitors, except in cases where these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some economies they do not include expenditures for passenger transport items. Their share in imports is calculated as a ratio to imports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of an economy and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from non-residents to residents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Imports of Goods and Services.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.XPND.MP.ZS, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
This indicator reports data for the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) and for the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). The TTDI is a direct evolution of the TTCI, which was reported until 2018. Due to the altered methodology, framework, and other differences, the TTDI should not be compared to the TTCI. Data shown are scores ranging from a minimum value of 1 to a maximum value of 7. The TTCI (2007–2018) measures the different regulatory and business-related issues that have been identified as levers for improving travel and tourism competitiveness. It is based on three broad categories that facilitate or drive travel and tourism competitiveness, which are the three subindexes of the TTCI: (1) the travel and tourism regulatory framework; (2) the travel and tourism business environment and infrastructure; and (3) the travel and tourism human, cultural, and natural resources. Each of these three subindexes is in turn composed of a number of pillars of travel and tourism competitiveness, of which there are 14 in total. The TTDI (2019 onwards) benchmarks and measures “the set of factors and policies that enable the sustainable and resilient development of the Travel & Tourism (T&T) sector, which in turn contributes to the development of an economy”.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, various annual editions, are based on archived data; World Economic Forum, The Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024, available at https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-tourism-development-index-2024/, accessed 26 June 2025. Data reported before 2019 are archived data.
International migrant stock is the number of people born in an economy other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population—people who have residence in one economy but were born in another economy. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population—people who are citizens of an economy other than the economy in which they reside—are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, people living in one of the newly independent economies who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent economies from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For economies with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For economies with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for economies that had no data. Data shown are in thousands. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available. Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, available at https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
International migrant stock is the number of people born in an economy other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population—people who have residence in one economy but were born in another economy. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population—people who are citizens of an economy other than the economy in which they reside—are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, people living in one of the newly independent economies who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent economies from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For economies with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For economies with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for economies that had no data. This indicator is expressed as a share of the total population. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on Total Population. Only the last 10 years are updated for Chinese Taipei (the rest are based on historical data).
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, available at https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/webMain.aspx?k=menume, accessed 25 June 2025.
Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are provided by Chinese Taipei and may not be strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies. Chinese Taipei’s data covers workers’ remittances, support remittances, and compensation of employees.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are provided by Chinese Taipei and may not be strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies. Chinese Taipei’s data covers workers’ remittances, support remittances, and compensation of employees.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by non-resident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are provided by Chinese Taipei and may not be strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies. Chinese Taipei’s data covers workers’ remittances, support remittances, and compensation of employees.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Finance (9 Indicators)
Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in end of year values. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/CM.MKT.LCAP.GD.ZS, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Stock Exchange Corporation, available at https://www.twse.com.tw/zh/page/about/company/factbooks.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
S&P Global Equity Indices measure the USD price change in the stock markets covered by the S&P BMI economy indices. This indicator is expressed as the annual percentage changes in the S&P Global Equity Indices. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/CM.MKT.INDX.ZG, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
An interest rate is the amount charged, expressed as a percentage of the principal over a period of time, by the owners of certain kinds of financial assets for putting the financial assets at the disposal of another institutional unit. The real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by economy, however, limiting their comparability. This indicator is expressed as a percentage (a/b)*100. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.RINR, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Central Bank, available at https://www.cbc.gov.tw/en/cp-511-2069-A8BEF-2.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Reserve assets are external assets, including monetary gold, that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, for intervention in exchange markets to affect the currency exchange rate, and for other related purposes (such as maintaining confidence in the currency and the economy, and serving as a basis for foreign borrowing). Reserve assets must be denominated and settled in foreign currency. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en, accessed 28 June 2025.
Reserve assets are external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, for intervention in exchange markets to affect the currency exchange rate, and for other related purposes (such as maintaining confidence in the currency and the economy, and serving as a basis for foreign borrowing). Reserve assets must be denominated and settled in foreign currency. This indicator does not include monetary gold. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en, accessed 28 June 2025.
Revenue is an increase in net worth resulting from a transaction. Grants are excluded from this figure. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Finance, available at http://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/webmain.aspx?sys=100&funid=edefjspf2, accessed 25 June 2025.
Expense is a decrease in net worth resulting from a transaction. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Finance, available at http://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/webmain.aspx?sys=100&funid=edefjspf2, accessed 25 June 2025.
Taxes are compulsory, unrequited payments, in cash or in kind, made by institutional units to government units. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Finance, available at http://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/webmain.aspx?sys=100&funid=edefjspf2, accessed 25 June 2025.
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or abroad. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed as a share of GDP. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on GDP, Current USD.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.NLD.TOTL.GD.ZS, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Finance, available at http://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/webmain.aspx?sys=100&funid=edefjspf2, accessed 25 June 2025.
Education (15 Indicators)
The total number of years of schooling which a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age. It shows the overall level of development of an educational system in terms of the average number of years of schooling that the education system offers to the eligible population, including those who never enter school. A relatively high school life expectancy indicates greater probability for children to spend more years in education and higher overall retention within the education system. It must be noted that the expected number of years does not necessarily coincide with the expected number of grades of education completed, because of repetition. Since school life expectancy is an average based on participation in different levels of education, the expected number of years of schooling may be pulled down by the magnitude of children who never go to school. Those children who are in school may benefit from many more years of education than the average. Caution is required when making cross-economy comparisons; neither the length of the school year nor the quality of education is necessarily the same in each economy. In addition, as this indicator does not directly take into account the effects of repetition, it is not strictly comparable between economies with automatic promotion and those that allow grade repetition. Data shown are in years.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-87-14508-95005-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
The total number of years of schooling which a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age. It shows the overall level of development of an educational system in terms of the average number of years of schooling that the education system offers to the eligible population, including those who never enter school. A relatively high school life expectancy indicates greater probability for children to spend more years in education and higher overall retention within the education system. It must be noted that the expected number of years does not necessarily coincide with the expected number of grades of education completed, because of repetition. Since school life expectancy is an average based on participation in different levels of education, the expected number of years of schooling may be pulled down by the magnitude of children who never go to school. Those children who are in school may benefit from many more years of education than the average. Caution is required when making cross-economy comparisons; neither the length of the school year nor the quality of education is necessarily the same in each economy. In addition, as this indicator does not directly take into account the effects of repetition, it is not strictly comparable between economies with automatic promotion and those that allow grade repetition. This indicator is disaggregated by sex (female). Data shown are in years.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-87-14508-95005-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
The total number of years of schooling which a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age. It shows the overall level of development of an educational system in terms of the average number of years of schooling that the education system offers to the eligible population, including those who never enter school. A relatively high school life expectancy indicates greater probability for children to spend more years in education and higher overall retention within the education system. It must be noted that the expected number of years does not necessarily coincide with the expected number of grades of education completed, because of repetition. Since school life expectancy is an average based on participation in different levels of education, the expected number of years of schooling may be pulled down by the magnitude of children who never go to school. Those children who are in school may benefit from many more years of education than the average. Caution is required when making cross-economy comparisons; neither the length of the school year nor the quality of education is necessarily the same in each economy. In addition, as this indicator does not directly take into account the effects of repetition, it is not strictly comparable between economies with automatic promotion and those that allow grade repetition. This indicator is disaggregated by sex (male). Data shown are in years.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-87-14508-95005-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. It shows the general level of participation in a given level of education and indicates the capacity of the education system to enroll students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate by indicating the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment. A high gross enrolment ratio generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that an economy is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. It can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. It shows the general level of participation in a given level of education and indicates the capacity of the education system to enroll students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate by indicating the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment. A high gross enrolment ratio generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that an economy is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. It can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. This indicator is expressed as gross enrolment ratios at the secondary level of education disaggregated by sex (female). Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. It shows the general level of participation in a given level of education and indicates the capacity of the education system to enroll students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate by indicating the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment. A high gross enrolment ratio generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that an economy is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. It can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. This indicator is expressed as gross enrolment ratios at the secondary level of education disaggregated by sex (male). Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It shows the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education. A high net enrolment rate denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the net enrolment rate is compared with the gross enrolment ratio, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. If the net enrolment rate is below 100%, then the difference with 100% provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It shows the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education. A high net enrolment rate denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the net enrolment rate is compared with the gross enrolment ratio, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. If the net enrolment rate is below 100%, then the difference with 100% provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. This indicator is expressed as the net enrolment rate at the lower secondary level of education disaggregated by sex (female). Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It shows the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education. A high net enrolment rate denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the net enrolment rate is compared with the gross enrolment ratio, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. If the net enrolment rate is below 100%, then the difference with 100% provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. This indicator is expressed as the net enrolment rate at the lower secondary level of education disaggregated by sex (male). Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It shows the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education. A high net enrolment rate denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the net enrolment rate is compared with the gross enrolment ratio, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. If the net enrolment rate is below 100%, then the difference with 100% provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It shows the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education. A high net enrolment rate denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the net enrolment rate is compared with the gross enrolment ratio, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. If the net enrolment rate is below 100%, then the difference with 100% provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. This indicator is expressed as the net enrolment rate at the upper secondary level of education disaggregated by sex (female). Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It shows the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education. A high net enrolment rate denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the net enrolment rate is compared with the gross enrolment ratio, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. If the net enrolment rate is below 100%, then the difference with 100% provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. This indicator is expressed as the net enrolment rate at the upper secondary level of education disaggregated by sex (male). Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. It shows the general level of participation in a given level of education and indicates the capacity of the education system to enroll students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate by indicating the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment. A high gross enrolment ratio generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that an economy is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. It can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. For the tertiary level, the population used is that of the five-year age group following on from the secondary school leaving. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. It shows the general level of participation in a given level of education and indicates the capacity of the education system to enroll students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate by indicating the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment. A high gross enrolment ratio generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that an economy is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. It can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. This indicator is expressed as gross enrolment ratios at the tertiary level of education disaggregated by sex (female). For the tertiary level, the population used is that of the five-year age group following on from the secondary school leaving. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. It shows the general level of participation in a given level of education and indicates the capacity of the education system to enroll students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate by indicating the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment. A high gross enrolment ratio generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that an economy is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. It can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. This indicator is expressed as gross enrolment ratios at the tertiary level of education disaggregated by sex (male). For the tertiary level, the population used is that of the five-year age group following on from the secondary school leaving. Data shown are in percentages.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/, accessed 28 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of Education, available at https://english.moe.gov.tw/cp-86-18943-e698b-1.html, accessed 25 June 2025.
Environment (6 Indicators)
Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.DFOR.CD, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on data available and GNI, PPP, current international dollars from the source.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.DFOR.GN.ZS, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Cost of damage due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel use and the manufacture of cement, estimated to be USD 40 per ton of CO2 (the unit damage in 2017 USD for CO2 emitted in 2020) times the number of tons of CO2 emitted. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregate is a sum based on data available.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.DCO2.CD, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Cost of damage due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel use and the manufacture of cement, estimated to be USD 40 per ton of CO2 (the unit damage in 2017 USD for CO2 emitted in 2020) times the number of tons of CO2 emitted. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on data available and GNI, PPP, current international dollars from the source.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.DCO2.GN.ZS, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions represents the mass of CO2, a potent greenhouse gas, produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, as well as from the manufacture of cement (in which it is produced as a byproduct) and gas flaring. The data on CO2 emissions do not include emissions from land use change or from bunker fuels used in international transportation. Data shown include CO2 emissions per GDP, or CO2 intensity, which measures the quantity of CO2 released into the atmosphere for each unit of GDP in an economy. (GDP measures the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given economy, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims.) This indicator is expressed as metric tons of CO2 per million constant 2021 international dollars of GDP. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on GDP, PPP, constant 2021 international dollars. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are provided by Chinese Taipei and may not be strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies.
Source: Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2025), available at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions represents the mass of CO2, a potent greenhouse gas, produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, as well as from the manufacture of cement (in which it is produced as a byproduct) and gas flaring. The data on CO2 emissions do not include emissions from land use change or from bunker fuels used in international transportation. Data shown include CO2 emissions per GDP, or CO2 intensity, which measures the quantity of CO2 released into the atmosphere for each unit of GDP in an economy. (GDP measures the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given economy, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims.) This indicator is expressed as CO2 emissions per capita in metric tons of CO2 per person. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on total population. Data shown for Chinese Taipei are provided by Chinese Taipei and may not be strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies.
Source: Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2025), available at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Information & Communications (6 Indicators)
The number of total Internet subscriptions with fixed (wired) Internet access, which includes all dial-up and total fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions. Only active subscriptions that have used the system within the past three months should be included. Data shown are the number of Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total population data from the source.
Source: International Telecommunication Union. Data is no longer available from source, thus, archived data is reported instead.
Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This can include, for example, cable modem, DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building, and other fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions. This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations. Data shown are the number of fixed broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total population data from the source.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.BBND.P2, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data is from International Telecommunication Union, available at https://datahub.itu.int/query/, accessed 25 June 2025.
Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. Data shown are in percentages. APEC aggregate is a weighted average based on total population data from the source.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data is from International Telecommunication Union, available at https://datahub.itu.int/query/, accessed 25 June 2025.
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e., that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services. Data shown are the number of mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on total population.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data is from International Telecommunication Union, available at https://datahub.itu.int/query/, accessed 25 June 2025.
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e., that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services. Data shown are the ratio to fixed telephone lines. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on total fixed telephone lines data from the source.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data is from International Telecommunication Union, available at https://datahub.itu.int/query/, accessed 25 June 2025.
The Network Readiness Index (NRI) is a composite index constructed with three levels. The primary level consists of four pillars that make up the fundamental dimensions of network readiness. Each of the fundamental pillars divides into additional sub-pillars that constitute the second level. The third level consists of individual indicators distributed across the different sub-pillars and pillars of the primary and secondary levels. All indicators used within the NRI belong to a pillar and a sub-pillar. The NRI, previously called the Networked Readiness Index, was initially launched in 2002 with the World Economic Forum. The old methodology (used from 2016 and earlier) examines how prepared economies are to effectively use ICT in four dimensions: the environment for ICT; the readiness of a society to use ICT; the actual usage of all main stakeholders; and the impacts that ICT generates in the economy and society. The NRI is a composite index based on a total of 10 pillars, which in turn are made up of a variety of measures. Data prior to 2016 are scores are on a scale from 1 (worst possible outcome) to 7 (best possible outcome). Due to a change in methodology, data shown for 2005 and 2006 are scores that have been standardized with a mean of 0. For these years, if the score of an economy is positive, then that economy performs better than the mean performance across the total set of economies in the index. Likewise, a negative score implies that the economy’s performance is below the mean performance.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology Report, various annual editions, are based on archived data; Portulans Institute, The Network Readiness Index Report, various annual editions, available at https://networkreadinessindex.org/, accessed 30 June 2025.
Quality of Life (7 Indicators)
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. Data shown are in years. APEC aggregate for life expectancy at birth for the total population is a weighted average based on Total Population. Data for Chinese Taipei before 1992 is based on historical data.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4610&s=233232, accessed 25 June 2025.
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. This indicator is disaggregated by sex (female). Data shown are in years. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on population data disaggregated by sex (female) from the source. Data for Chinese Taipei before 2014 is based on historical data.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4302&s=232173, accessed 25 June 2025.
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. This indicator is disaggregated by sex (male). Data shown are in years. APEC aggregates are weighted averages based on population data disaggregated by sex (male) from the source. Data for Chinese Taipei before 2014 is based on historical data.
Source: World Bank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Ministry of the Interior, available at https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4302&s=232173, accessed 25 June 2025.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index that measures the average achievements in an economy in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Health is measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge is measured by a combination of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio; and standard of living is measured by GDP per capita in USD at PPP. In order to make comparisons over time possible, this series shows HDI Trends data, which uses the latest HDI methodology and most up-to-date trend data for each component of the index. Data shown are values and range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 1.
Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, various annual editions, available at https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, available at https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4610&s=233232, accessed 25 June 2025.
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) shows the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in three dimensions – reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Data shown are values and range from a minimum of 0, which indicates that women and men fare equally, to a maximum of 1, which indicates that women fare as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.
Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, various annual editions, available at https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Key Gender Statistics, available at https://gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/B08994C9CFD296BA, accessed 25 June 2025.
The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories (subindexes) and 14 different indicators that compose them. The subindexes are economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. The highest possible score Is 1 (equality) and the lowest possible score is 0 (inequality). There are three basic concepts underlying the Global Gender Gap Index, forming the basis of how indicators were chosen, how the data is treated, and the scale used. First, the Index focuses on measuring gaps rather than levels. Second, it captures gaps in outcome variables rather than gaps in input variables. Third, it ranks economies according to gender equality rather than women’s empowerment. Data shown are scores reported on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 representing maximum gender equality.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report, various annual editions, available at https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2025/, accessed 30 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s Key Gender Statistics, available at https://gec.ey.gov.tw/page/E0810325D36C4E10, accessed 25 June 2025.
The Gender Equity Index (GEI) measures the gender gap according to a selection of indicators relevant to gender inequity in three different dimensions: education, participation in the economy, and empowerment. The GEI measures the gap between women and men, not their welfare. For example, an economy where both boys and girls have equal access to university studies would rank 100 in this aspect, and an economy where both boys and girls are equally unable to complete primary school would also rank 100. Data shown for Chinese Taipei have been calculated and provided by Chinese Taipei and may not be strictly comparable with the data shown for all other APEC economies. Data shown are values with a maximum possible value of 100, which would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions. A value of 0 would indicate the least degree of equity. Due to a change in methodology, data shown for 2005 are values that range from 1 to 12 and are based on a ranking system that depends on relative performance, so economies that have moved closer to equity are awarded a higher score.
Source: Social Watch, Gender Equity Index, various annual releases, are based on archived data. Chinese Taipei’s Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, are based on archived data.
Policy-related (8 Indicators)
The Economic Freedom of the World Index measures the degree to which the policies and institutions of economies are supportive of economic freedom. The cornerstones of economic freedom are personal choice, voluntary exchange, freedom to compete, and security of privately owned property. A number of variables are used to construct a summary index and to measure the degree of economic freedom in five broad areas: (1) size of government; (2) legal structure and security of property rights; (3) access to sound money; (4) freedom to trade internationally; and (5) regulation of credit, labor and business. Data shown are ratings from the Panel Dataset, which reports area and summary ratings for all economies for which they have a regular EFW index score in any given year. The EFW Panel Dataset attempt to provide scholars with consistent time-series/longitudinal data. The index ranges between 10 and 0; a higher rating indicates a greater degree of economic freedom. APEC aggregate is a simple average of ratings available for each APEC economy.
Source: James Gwartney, Robert Lawson, Joshua Hall, and Ryan Murphy (2024). Fraser Institute. Data are from the 2024 Dataset, available at https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset?geozone=world&page=dataset&min-year=2&max-year=0&filter=0, accessed 30 June 2025.
The Doing Business annual reports provide a quantitative measure of business regulations and the protection of property rights across 10 indicators as they apply to domestic small and medium-size enterprises: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. The Ease of Doing Business Index averages the economy's percentile rankings on the 10 indicators, which in turn are ease of doing business with first place being the best; a high ranking means the regulatory environment is conducive to the operation of business. Data shown are ranks.
Source: World Bank and International Finance Corporation. The Doing Business project has been discontinued. Data reported are archived data.
An economy's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption and its impact on commercial life as determined by expert assessments and business opinion surveys. Users are cautioned against comparing economy scores over time, as the CPI provides a snapshot of the views of business people and analysts for the current or recent years. Given its methodology, the CPI is not a tool that is suitable for monitoring progress or the lack of progress over time. The only reliable way to compare an economy’s score over time is to go back to individual survey sources, each of which can reflect a change in assessment. Data shown for 1995-2011 are scores ranging between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt), while data shown for 2012 onwards are scores ranging between 100 (very clean) and 0 (highly corrupt).
Source: Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, various annual releases, available at https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi, accessed 30 June 2025. Data reported before 2012 are archived data.
The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) measures the extent to which individual economies have developed institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to final destinations. The index is comprised of four issue areas, called subindexes: (1) market access, (2) border administration, (3) transport and communications infrastructure, and (4) the business environment. Each of these four subindexes is in turn composed of a number of pillars of enabling trade, of which there are nine in total. Data shown are scores ranging from a minimum value of 1 to a maximum value of 7. APEC aggregate is a simple average of scores available for each APEC economy.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Enabling Trade Report, various annual editions, available at http://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/. Data reported are archived data.
The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) measures the extent to which individual economies have developed institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to final destinations. The market access subindex measures the extent to which the policy framework of the economy welcomes foreign goods into the economy and enables access to foreign markets for its exporters. It is composed of the following pillar: domestic and foreign market access. Data shown are scores ranging from a minimum value of 1 to a maximum value of 7. APEC aggregate is a simple average of scores available for each APEC economy.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Enabling Trade Report, various annual editions, available at http://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/. Data reported are archived data.
The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) measures the extent to which individual economies have developed institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to final destinations. The border administration subindex assesses the extent to which the administration at the border facilitates the entry and exit of goods. It is composed of the following three pillars: efficiency of customs administration, efficiency of import-export procedures, and transparency of border administration. Data shown are scores ranging from a minimum value of 1 to a maximum value of 7. APEC aggregate is a simple average of scores available for each APEC economy.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Enabling Trade Report, various annual editions, available at http://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/. Data reported are archived data.
The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) measures the extent to which individual economies have developed institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to final destinations. The transport and communications infrastructure subindex takes into account whether the economy has in place the transport and communications infrastructure necessary to facilitate the movement of goods within the economy and across the border. It is composed of the following three pillars: availability and quality of transport infrastructure, availability and quality of transport services, and availability and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Data shown are scores ranging from a minimum value of 1 to a maximum value of 7. APEC aggregate is a simple average of scores available for each APEC economy.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Enabling Trade Report, various annual editions, available at http://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/. Data reported are archived data.
The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) measures the extent to which individual economies have developed institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to final destinations. The business environment subindex looks at the quality of governance as well as at the overarching regulatory and security environment impacting the business of importers and exporters active in the economy. It is composed of the following two pillars: regulatory environment and physical security. Data shown are scores ranging from a minimum value of 1 to a maximum value of 7. APEC aggregate is a simple average of scores available for each APEC economy.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Enabling Trade Report, various annual editions, available at http://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/. Data reported are archived data.
Merchandise Trade (6 Indicators)
Merchandise trade consists of goods which add or subtract from the stock of material resources by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) an economic territory. Goods simply being transported through an economy (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for inward or outward processing) do not add to or subtract from the stock of material resources and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. Merchandise exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting economy (free on board valuation). Export data include re-exports, which includes foreign goods exported in the same state as previously imported, goods from free circulation areas, goods from premises for inward processing or industrial free zones directly to the rest of the world, and goods from premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones directly to the rest of the world. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. For all indicators, mirror data are used for Chinese Taipei as a partner economy. For example, total merchandise exports reported from Chinese Taipei to Australia are considered as total merchandise imports to Australia from Chinese Taipei. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations, available at https://comtradeplus.un.org/, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Merchandise trade consists of goods which add or subtract from the stock of material resources by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) an economic territory. Goods simply being transported through an economy (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for inward or outward processing) do not add to or subtract from the stock of material resources and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. Merchandise exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting economy (free on board valuation). Export data include re-exports, which includes foreign goods exported in the same state as previously imported, goods from free circulation areas, goods from premises for inward processing or industrial free zones directly to the rest of the world, and goods from premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones directly to the rest of the world. Data are classified using the Standard International Trade Classification (long time series), which classifies traded products according to their material and physical properties, stage of processing, and economic functions. Manufactured goods are goods that have been processed by way of machinery and include intermediate and finished products. Under the SITC, manufactured goods include Sections 5 through 8 (Chemicals and related products, not elsewhere specified; Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material; Machinery and transport equipment; Miscellaneous manufactured articles), excluding division 68 (Non-ferrous metals). Section 9 of SITC (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere) has been excluded from the calculations. This indicator is disaggregated by manufacturing. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. For all indicators, mirror data are used for Chinese Taipei as a partner economy. For example, total merchandise exports reported from Chinese Taipei to Australia are considered as total merchandise imports to Australia from Chinese Taipei. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations, available at https://comtradeplus.un.org/, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Merchandise trade consists of goods which add or subtract from the stock of material resources by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) an economic territory. Goods simply being transported through an economy (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for inward or outward processing) do not add to or subtract from the stock of material resources and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. Merchandise exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting economy (free on board valuation). Export data include re-exports, which includes foreign goods exported in the same state as previously imported, goods from free circulation areas, goods from premises for inward processing or industrial free zones directly to the rest of the world, and goods from premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones directly to the rest of the world. Data are classified using the Standard International Trade Classification (long time series), which classifies traded products according to their material and physical properties, stage of processing, and economic functions. Non-manufactured goods, or primary products, are goods that have not been processed, such as products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining. Under SITC, non-manufactured goods include Sections 0 through 4 (Food and live animals; Beverages and tobacco; Crude materials, inedible, except fuels; Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials; Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes), including division 68. Section 9 of SITC (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere) has been excluded from the calculations. This indicator is disaggregated by non-manufacturing. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. For all indicators, mirror data are used for Chinese Taipei as a partner economy. For example, total merchandise exports reported from Chinese Taipei to Australia are considered as total merchandise imports to Australia from Chinese Taipei. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations, available at https://comtradeplus.un.org/, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Merchandise trade consists of goods which add or subtract from the stock of material resources by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) an economic territory. Goods simply being transported through an economy (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for inward or outward processing) do not add to or subtract from the stock of material resources and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. Merchandise imports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing economy (cost, insurance, and freight valuation). Import data include re-imports, which includes goods imported in the same state as previously exported. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. For all indicators, mirror data are used for Chinese Taipei as a partner economy. For example, total merchandise exports reported from Chinese Taipei to Australia are considered as total merchandise imports to Australia from Chinese Taipei. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations, available at https://comtradeplus.un.org/, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Merchandise trade consists of goods which add or subtract from the stock of material resources by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) an economic territory. Goods simply being transported through an economy (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for inward or outward processing) do not add to or subtract from the stock of material resources and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. Merchandise imports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing economy (cost, insurance, and freight valuation). Import data include re-imports, which includes goods imported in the same state as previously exported. Data are classified using the Standard International Trade Classification (long time series), which classifies traded products according to their material and physical properties, stage of processing, and economic functions. Manufactured goods are goods that have been processed by way of machinery and include intermediate and finished products. Under the SITC, manufactured goods include Sections 5 through 8 (Chemicals and related products, not elsewhere specified; Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material; Machinery and transport equipment; Miscellaneous manufactured articles), excluding division 68 (Non-ferrous metals). Section 9 of SITC (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere) has been excluded from the calculations. This indicator is disaggregated by manufacturing. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. For all indicators, mirror data are used for Chinese Taipei as a partner economy. For example, total merchandise exports reported from Chinese Taipei to Australia are considered as total merchandise imports to Australia from Chinese Taipei. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations, available at https://comtradeplus.un.org/, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Merchandise trade consists of goods which add or subtract from the stock of material resources by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) an economic territory. Goods simply being transported through an economy (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for inward or outward processing) do not add to or subtract from the stock of material resources and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. Merchandise imports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing economy (cost, insurance, freight valuation). Import data include re-imports, which includes goods imported in the same state as previously exported. Data are classified using the Standard International Trade Classification (long time series), which classifies traded products according to their material and physical properties, stage of processing, and economic functions. Non-manufactured goods, or primary products, are goods that have not been processed, such as products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining. Under SITC, non-manufactured goods include Sections 0 through 4 (Food and live animals; Beverages and tobacco; Crude materials, inedible, except fuels; Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials; Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes), including division 68. Section 9 of SITC (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere) has been excluded from the calculations. This indicator is disaggregated by non-manufacturing. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. For all indicators, mirror data are used for Chinese Taipei as a partner economy. For example, total merchandise exports reported from Chinese Taipei to Australia are considered as total merchandise imports to Australia from Chinese Taipei. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations, available at https://comtradeplus.un.org/, accessed 26 June 2025. Chinese Taipei’s data directly provided by Chinese Taipei, accessed 19 May 2025.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (4 Indicators)
FDI capital flows are recorded on a net basis (the investments during the reporting period netted against disinvestments). Also, FDI is recorded on a directional basis, as an asset for the economy of the direct investor and as a liability for the economy of the direct investment enterprise. In some cases, outflows from Economy A to Economy B do not match inflows to Economy B from Economy A. This is often the result of different statistical practices being used by different economies. Generally, economies allocate stock positions bilaterally to the first, or immediate, economy of ownership. However, when the first foreign direct investment enterprise is a foreign holding company, an attempt is made to attribute the investment to the ultimate economy of destination. Bilateral discrepancies can also result when there are territories being used as conduits for tax or other reasons. A final possible cause for discrepancy could involve recording errors or gaps in the national data. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development. Data is no longer available from source, thus, archived data is reported instead.
FDI capital flows are recorded on a net basis (the investments during the reporting period netted against disinvestments). Also, FDI is recorded on a directional basis, as an asset for the economy of the direct investor and as a liability for the economy of the direct investment enterprise. In some cases, outflows from Economy A to Economy B do not match inflows to Economy B from Economy A. This is often the result of different statistical practices being used by different economies. Generally, economies allocate stock positions bilaterally to the first, or immediate, economy of ownership. However, when the first foreign direct investment enterprise is a foreign holding company, an attempt is made to attribute the investment to the ultimate economy of destination. Bilateral discrepancies can also result when there are territories being used as conduits for tax or other reasons. A final possible cause for discrepancy could involve recording errors or gaps in the national data. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development. Data is no longer available from source, thus, archived data is reported instead.
FDI stocks, or FDI positions, are the accumulation of FDI flows and may change according to the following: (1) changes in the market value of listed equity securities of direct investment enterprises or changes in the market value of holdings of land and buildings; (2) valuation changes of foreign currency denominated loans from direct investors to direct investment enterprises; (3) write-offs, which occur when the direct investment enterprise is no longer a viable concern (for example, when natural resources owned by a mining enterprise have been fully depleted or exploration for natural resources proves unsuccessful); and (4) reclassifications, for example, if the voting share were to increase from 8% to over 10% or if the direct investment enterprise were to acquire more than a 10% share of the direct investor. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development. Data is no longer available from source, thus, archived data is reported instead.
FDI stocks, or FDI positions, are the accumulation of FDI flows and may change according to the following: (1) changes in the market value of listed equity securities of direct investment enterprises or changes in the market value of holdings of land and buildings; (2) valuation changes of foreign currency denominated loans from direct investors to direct investment enterprises; (3) write-offs, which occur when the direct investment enterprise is no longer a viable concern (for example, when natural resources owned by a mining enterprise have been fully depleted or exploration for natural resources proves unsuccessful); and (4) reclassifications, for example, if the voting share were to increase from 8% to over 10% or if the direct investment enterprise were to acquire more than a 10% share of the direct investor. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: United Nations Trade and Development. Data is no longer available from source, thus, archived data is reported instead.
Portfolio Investment Assets (5 Indicators)
Portfolio investment is defined as cross-border transactions and positions involving debt or equity securities, other than those included in direct investment or reserve assets. Securities are debt and equity instruments that have the characteristic feature of negotiability. That is, their legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another unit by delivery or endorsement. While any financial instrument can potentially be traded, securities are designed to be traded, usually on organized exchanges or “over the counter”. In some cases, negative values are reported for the value of residents' holdings of securities issued by a particular economy. Such entries reflect short positions in securities, usually resulting from the sale of securities acquired under repurchase agreements. This indicator is expressed as year-end holdings valued at market prices. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(6.0.0)&INDICATOR=BFP, accessed 26 June 2025.
Portfolio investment is defined as cross-border transactions and positions involving debt or equity securities, other than those included in direct investment or reserve assets. Securities are debt and equity instruments that have the characteristic feature of negotiability. That is, their legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another unit by delivery or endorsement. While any financial instrument can potentially be traded, securities are designed to be traded, usually on organized exchanges or “over the counter”. In some cases, negative values are reported for the value of residents' holdings of securities issued by a particular economy. Such entries reflect short positions in securities, usually resulting from the sale of securities acquired under repurchase agreements. Equity securities comprise all instruments and records acknowledging, after the claims of all creditors have been met, claims on the residual values of incorporated enterprises. Shares, stocks, participations, or similar documents (such as American Depositary Receipts) usually denote ownership of equity. This indicator is expressed as year-end holdings valued at market prices. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(6.0.0)&INDICATOR=BFP, accessed 26 June 2025.
Portfolio investment is defined as cross-border transactions and positions involving debt or equity securities, other than those included in direct investment or reserve assets. Securities are debt and equity instruments that have the characteristic feature of negotiability. That is, their legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another unit by delivery or endorsement. While any financial instrument can potentially be traded, securities are designed to be traded, usually on organized exchanges or “over the counter”. In some cases, negative values are reported for the value of residents' holdings of securities issued by a particular economy. Such entries reflect short positions in securities, usually resulting from the sale of securities acquired under repurchase agreements. Total debt securities is the sum of long-term and short-term debt securities. Long-term debt securities cover instruments such as bonds, debentures, and notes that usually give the holder the unconditional right to a fixed money income or contractually determined variable money income and have an original term to maturity of more than one year. Short-term debt securities cover treasury bills, commercial paper, and bankers' acceptances that generally give the holder the unconditional right to a stated fixed sum of money on a specified date. These instruments are usually traded on organized markets at a discount and have an original term to maturity of one year or less. This indicator is expressed as year-end holdings valued at market prices. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(6.0.0)&INDICATOR=BFP, accessed 26 June 2025.
Portfolio investment is defined as cross-border transactions and positions involving debt or equity securities, other than those included in direct investment or reserve assets. Securities are debt and equity instruments that have the characteristic feature of negotiability. That is, their legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another unit by delivery or endorsement. While any financial instrument can potentially be traded, securities are designed to be traded, usually on organized exchanges or “over the counter”. In some cases, negative values are reported for the value of residents' holdings of securities issued by a particular economy. Such entries reflect short positions in securities, usually resulting from the sale of securities acquired under repurchase agreements. Long-term debt securities cover instruments such as bonds, debentures, and notes that usually give the holder the unconditional right to a fixed money income or contractually determined variable money income and have an original term to maturity of more than one year. This indicator is expressed as year-end holdings valued at market prices. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(6.0.0)&INDICATOR=BFP, accessed 26 June 2025.
Portfolio investment is defined as cross-border transactions and positions involving debt or equity securities, other than those included in direct investment or reserve assets. Securities are debt and equity instruments that have the characteristic feature of negotiability. That is, their legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another unit by delivery or endorsement. While any financial instrument can potentially be traded, securities are designed to be traded, usually on organized exchanges or “over the counter”. In some cases, negative values are reported for the value of residents' holdings of securities issued by a particular economy. Such entries reflect short positions in securities, usually resulting from the sale of securities acquired under repurchase agreements. Short-term debt securities cover treasury bills, commercial paper, and bankers' acceptances that generally give the holder the unconditional right to a stated fixed sum of money on a specified date. These instruments are usually traded on organized markets at a discount and have an original term to maturity of one year or less. This indicator is expressed as year-end holdings valued at market prices. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: International Monetary Fund, available at https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(6.0.0)&INDICATOR=BFP, accessed 26 June 2025.
Bank Lending (1 Indicators)
Foreign claims are defined as the sum of cross-border claims (claims that are granted or extended to non-residents) plus foreign offices' local claims in all currencies. On an immediate borrower basis, this category can be calculated as the sum of international claims (cross-border claims and local claims of foreign affiliates in foreign currency) and local claims in local currency. Immediate borrower basis refers to claims allocated to the economy and sector of the contractual counterparty, in contrast with ultimate risk basis in which claims are reallocated to the economy where the ultimate obligor resides. Data are provided on individual economies by nationality of reporting banks and are amounts outstanding at end-December. This indicator is expressed in USD. Data shown are in millions. APEC aggregates are sums based on data available.
Source: Bank for International Settlements, available at https://data.bis.org/, accessed 26 June 2025.